India

This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
Republic of India

भारत गणराज्य
Template:Infobox country/imagetable
Motto: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found.)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
"Thou art the rulers of the minds of all people"[2][3]

File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg
National song
Vande Mataram
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][3]
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
CapitalNew Delhi
Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Largest cityMumbai
Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Official languagesHindi, English[4][5]
Recognised regional languages
National languageNone[7][8]
Religion
79.8% Hinduism
14.2% Islam
2.3% Christianity
1.7% Sikhism
0.7% Buddhism
0.4% Jainism
0.9% others[9][10]
Demonym(s)Indian
GovernmentFederal parliamentary
republic[1]
Template:Infobox country/multirow
LegislatureParliament of India
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
Independence 
Template:Infobox country/multirow
Area
• Total
Template:Convinfobox/prisec2[b] (7th)
• Water (%)
9.6
Population
• 2016 estimate
1,293,057,000[12] (2nd)
• 2011 census
1,210,854,977[13][14] (2nd)
• Density
Template:Convinfobox/prisec2 (31st)
GDP (PPP)2016 estimate
• Total
$8.727 trillion[15] (3rd)
• Per capita
$6,664[15] (122nd)
GDP (nominal)2020 estimate
• Total
$3.260 trillion[15] (5th)
• Per capita
$2078[15] (141st)
Gini (2009)33.9[16]
medium · 79th
HDI (2014)Increase 0.609[17]
medium · Script error: No such module "Ordinal".
CurrencyIndian rupee (₹) (INR)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
• Summer (DST)
UTCNA (NA)
DST is not observed
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Driving sideleft
Calling code+91
ISO 3166 code[[ISO 3166-2:Template:ISO 3166 code|Template:ISO 3166 code]]
Internet TLD.in

The Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य) is a country in Asia. It has an area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi). It is at the center of South Asia. India has more than 1.2 billion (1,210,000,000) people, which is the second largest population in the world.[18] It is the seventh largest country in the world by area and the largest country in South Asia. It is also the most populous democracy in the world.[19][20][21]

India has seven neighbours: Pakistan in the north-west, China and Nepal in the north, Bhutan and Bangladesh in the north-east, Myanmar in the east and Sri Lanka, an island, in the south.

The capital of India is New Delhi. India is a peninsula, bound by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal in the east. The coastline of India is of about 7,517 km (4,671 mi) long.[22] India has the third largest military force in the world and is also a nuclear weapon state.[23]

India's economy became the world's fastest growing in the G20 developing nations in the last quarter of 2014, replacing the People's Republic of China.[24] India's literacy and wealth are also rising.[25] According to New World Wealth, India is the seventh richest country in the world with a total individual wealth of $5.6 trillion.[26][27] However, it still has many social and economic issues like poverty and corruption. India is a founding member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and has signed the Kyoto Protocol.

India has the fourth largest number of spoken languages per country in the world, only behind Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Nigeria.[28] People of many different religions live there, including the five most popular world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity. The first three religions came from the Indian subcontinent along with Jainism.

National Symbols of India

File:Emblem of India.svg

The National emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back. The lions symbolise power, pride, confidence, and courage (bravery). Only the government can use this emblem, according to the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005

The name India comes from the Greek word, Indus. This came from the word sindhu, which in time turned into Hind or Hindi or Hindu. The preferred native name or endonym is "Bharat" in Hindi and other Indian languages as contrasted with names from outsiders.

History

File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg
The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as a memorial to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is thought to be of "outstanding universal value".[29]
Main article: History of India

Two of the main Classical languages of the world— Sanskrit and Tamil were born in India. Both of these languages are more than 3000 years old[30]. The country founded a religion called Hinduism, which most Indians still follow. Later, a king named Chandragupt Maurya built an empire called the Maurya Empire in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one whole country.[31] From 180 BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC  — AD 1100), other Indian dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas.[32] Southern India at that time was famous for its science, art, and writing. The Cholas of Thanjavur were pioneers at war in the seas and invaded Malaya, Borneo, Cambodia. The influence of Cholas are still well noticeable in SE Asia.[33]

Many dynasties ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the Mughal, Vijayanagara, and the Maratha empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British controlled most of India by 1856.[34]

In the early 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest against British control. One of the people who led the freedom movement was Mahatma Gandhi, who only used peaceful tactics, including a way called "ahimsa", which means "non-violence".[35] On 15 August 1947, India peacefully became free and independent from the British Empire. India's constitution was founded on 26 January 1950. Every year, on this day, Indians celebrate Republic Day. The first official leader (Prime Minister) of India was Jawaharlal Nehru.

After 1947, India had a socialist planned economy. It is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. It has fought many wars since independence from Britain, including the wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and 1999 with Pakistan and in 1962 with China. It also fought a war to capture Goa, a Portuguese-built port and a city which was not a part of India until 1961. The Portuguese refused to give it to the country, and so India had to use force and the Portuguese were defeated. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and it is one of the few countries that has nuclear bombs.[36] Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.[37]

Government

File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
Parliament of India.

India is the largest democracy in the world.[21]

India's government is divided into three parts: the Legislative (the one that makes the laws, the Parliament), the Executive (the government), and the Judiciary (the one that makes sure that the laws are obeyed, the supreme court).

The legislative branch is made up of the Parliament of India, which is in New Delhi, the capital of India. The Parliament of India is divided into two houses : the upper house, Rajya Sabha (Council of States); and the lower house, Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha has 250 members,[38] and the Lok Sabha has 552 members.[38]

The executive branch is made up of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The President of India is elected for a period of five years. The President can choose the Prime Minister, who has most of the power. The Council of Ministers, such as the Minister of Defence, help the Prime Minister. Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on May 16, 2014. He is the 19th Prime Minister of India. The president has less power than the prime minister.

The judicial branch is made up of the courts of India, including the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court members have the power to stop a law being passed by Parliament if they think that the law is illegal and contradicts (opposes) the Constitution of India.[39] In India, there are also 24 High Courts.

Geography and climate

File:Indiarivers.png
Rivers of India

India is the seventh largest country in the world. It is the main part of the Indian subcontinent. The countries next to India are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. It is also near Sri Lanka, an island country.

India is a peninsula, which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. One of the seven wonders of the world is in Agra: the Taj Mahal. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. The northern part of India has many mountains. The most famous mountain range in India is the Himalayas, which have some of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna.

India has different climates.[40] In the South, the climate is mainly tropical, which means it can get very hot in summer and cool in winter.[40] The northern part, though, has a cooler climate, called sub-tropical, and even alpine in mountainous regions.[40] The Himalayas, in the alpine climate region, can get extremely cold. There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the deserts of India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year. That time is called the monsoon. That is because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land dries out because there is less rain) are possible. Monsoons normally come around July - August.

Defence

Main article: Indian Armed Forces

The Indian Armed Forces is the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy and Air Force. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command.

The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence. In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world.[41]

The Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries.[42] In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world.[43]

From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and a war with China.

Indian states

For administration purposes, India has been divided into smaller pieces. Most of these pieces are called states, some are called union territories. States and union territories are different in the way they are represented. Most union territories are ruled by administrators sent by the central government. All the states, and the territories of Delhi, and Puducherry elect their local government themselves. In total, there are twenty-nine states, and seven union territories.[44]

These are the states and territories of India, including 29 states and 7 union territories.

States:

States Capitals Code
Andhra Pradesh Amaravati AP
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar AR
Assam Dispur AS
Bihar Patna BR
Chhattisgarh Raipur CT
Goa Panaji GA
Gujarat Gandhi nagar GJ
Haryana Chandigarh HR
Himachal Pradesh Shimla HP
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (summer)
Jammu (winter) 		JK
Jharkhand Ranchi JH
Karnataka Bangalore KA
Kerala Tiruvanananthapuram KL
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal MP
Maharashtra Mumbai MH
Manipur Imphal MN
Meghalaya Shillong ML
Mizoram Aizawl MZ
Nagaland Kohima NL
Odisha Bhubaneswar OD
Punjab Chandigarh PB
Rajasthan Jaipur RJ
Sikkim Gangtok SK
Tamil Nadu Chennai TN
Telangana Hyderabad TS
Tripura Agartala TR
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow UP
Uttarakhand Dehra Dun UA/UK
West Bengal Kolkata WB

Union territories:

Union territory Capital
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair
Chandigarh Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa
Daman and Diu Daman
Delhi Delhi
Lakshadweep Kavaratti
Puducherry Puducherry

Trouble with the borders

There are disputes about certain parts of the Indian borders. Countries do not agree on where the borders are.[45] Pakistan and China do not recognise the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir.[46] The Indian government claims it as an Indian state.[46] Similarly, the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir.[46]

In 1914, British India and Tibet agreed on the McMahon Line, as part of the Simla Accord.[47] In July 1914, China withdrew from the agreement.[47] Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. China does not agree, and both mainland China and Taiwan do not recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. According to them, it is a part of South Tibet, which belongs to China.[48][49]

Economy

Main article: Economy of India

The economy of the country is among the world's fastest growing. It is the 7th largest in the world with a nominal GDP of $2,250 billion (USD), and in terms of PPP, the economy is 3rd largest (worth $8.720 trillion USD).[50] The growth rate is 8.25% for fiscal 2010. However, that is still $3678 (considering PPP) per person per year. India's economy is based mainly on:

India's economy is diverse. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles.[51]

However, despite economic growth, India continues to suffer from poverty. 27.5% of the population was living in poverty in 2004–2005.[52] In addition, 80.4% of the population live on less than USD $2 a day,[53] which was lowered to 68% by 2009.[54]

People

File:India population density map en.svg
This is a map of the population density of India.

There are 1.21 billion people living in India.[55] India is the second largest country by the number of people living in it, with China being the first. Experts think that by the year 2030, India will be the first.[56] About 65% of Indians live in rural areas, or land set aside for farming.[57] The largest cities in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad.[44] India has 23 official languages.[58] Altogether, 1,625 languages are spoken in India.[39]

Languages

There are many different languages and cultures in India. The only geographical place with more different languages and cultures is the African continent.[44] There are two main language families in India, the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages. About 69% of Indians speak an Indo-Arayan language, about 26% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic group. Around 5% of the people speak a Tibeto-Burman language.

Hindi is the official language in India with the largest number of speakers.[59] It is the official language of the union.[60] Native speakers of Hindi represent about 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census). English is also used, mostly for business and in the administration. It has the status of a 'subsidiary official language'.[61] The constitution also recognises 21 other languages. Either many people speak those languages, or they have been recognised to be very important for Indian culture. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.[39]

In the south of India, many people speak Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. In the north, many people speak Chhattisgarhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi,Bihar. In east Odia and Assamese.[62][63]

India has 23 official languages. Its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the languages.[64] Hindi and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union" (Union meaning the Federal Government in Delhi);[65] Tamil,Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia are officially the "classical languages of India."

Language Long form English Pronunciation Short form
Assamese Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhārôt Gôṇôrājÿô ভাৰত Bharot
Bengali Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bʰārôt Gôṇôrājÿô ভারত Bharot
Bodo
Dogri
English[51] Republic of India India
Gujarati Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhartiya Prajasattak ભારત.
Hindi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhārat Gaṇarājya भारत Bhārat
Kannada Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhārata Gaṇarājya ಭಾರತ Bhārata
Kashmiri Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Hindustān
Konkani भारोत गोणराज भारोत
Maithili
Malayalam Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhāratam ഭാരതം Bhāratam
Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei) ভারত গণরাজ্য ভারত
Marathi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bhartiya Prajasattak भारत Bhārat
Nepali Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bʰārat Gaṇarādzya भारत Bʰārat
Odia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bharata Bharata
Punjabi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. ਭਾਰਤ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found.
Sanskrit Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. भारत Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found.
Santhali
Sindhi ڀارت، هندستانڀارت، ڀارت،
Tamil Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Indiyak-Kudiyarasu இந்தியா India/Bharadham
Telugu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Bʰārata Gaṇa Rājyamu భారత్ Bhārath
Urdu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/iana scripts' not found. Jumhūrīyat-e Bhārat بھارت Bhārat

Culture

Religion in India[66]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
  
 79.80%
Islam
  
 14.23%
Christianity
  
 2.30%
Sikhism
  
 1.72%
Buddhism
  
 0.70%
Jainism
  
 0.37%
Others
  
 0.9%

Cave paintings from the Stone Age are found across India. They show dances and rituals and suggest there was a prehistoric religion. During the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems Ramayana and Mahabharata were written from about 500–100 BCE,[67] although these were orally transmitted for centuries before this period.[68] Other South Asian Stone Age sites apart from Pakistan are in modern India, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art showing religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.[69]

File:Golden Temple India.jpg
The Harmandir Sahib or The Golden Temple of the Sikhs.

Several modern religions are linked to India,[70] namely modern Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. All of these religions have different schools (ways of thinking) and traditions that are related. As a group they are called the Eastern religions. The Indian religions are similar to one another in many ways: The basic beliefs, the way worship is done and several religious practices are very similar. These similarities mainly come from the fact that these religions have a common history and common origins. They also influenced each other.

The religion of Hinduism is the main faith followed by 79.80% of people in the Republic of India; Islam – 14.23%; Christianity – 2.30%; Sikhism – 1.72%; Buddhism – 0.70% and Jainism – 0.37%.[71]

It's the first time ever since independence that Hindu population percentage fell below 80%.

Technology

India sent a spacecraft to Mars for the first time in 2014. That made it the third country and only Asian country to do so, successfully. India is the only country to be successful in its very first attempt to orbit Mars. It was called the Mars Orbiter Mission.

ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single mission to create world record. India became the first nation in the world to have launched over a hundred satellites in one mission. That was more than the 2014 Russian record of 37 satellites in a single launch.

Pop culture

India has the largest movie industry in the world.[source?][72] Based in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the industry is also known as Bollywood . It makes 1,000 movies a year, about twice as many as Hollywood.[73] It produces movies almost everyday.

Sports

File:IPL T20 Chennai vs Kolkata.JPG
A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders
Main article: Sports in India

There is no national game in India.[74] Indians have excelled in Hockey. They have also won eight gold, one silver and two bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is the most popular sport in India. The Indian cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. They shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka and won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.Cricket in India is controlled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India or BCCI. Domestic tournaments are the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. There is also the Indian cricket league and Indian premier league Twenty20 competitions.

Tennis has become popular due to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala.[75] The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup many times. Chess, which comes from India, is also becoming popular. This is with the increase in the number of Indian Grandmasters.[76] Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played throughout India.

Notes

  1. ↑ "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it." (Constituent Assembly of India 1950).
  2. ↑ "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 National Informatics Centre 2005.
  2. ↑ Wolpert 2003, p. 1.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "National Symbols | National Portal of India". India.gov.in. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Hindi, not a national language: Court".
  5. ↑
    "Constitutional Provisions - Official Language Related Part-17 Of The Constitution Of India"     Check |url= value (help). National Informatics Centre (in Hindi). Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  6. ↑ "Eighth Schedule" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Khan, Saeed (25 January 2010). "There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  8. ↑ Press Trust of India (25 January 2010). "Hindi, not a national language: Court". The Hindu. Ahmedabad. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  9. ↑ "Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community".
  10. ↑ "2.87 million Indians have no faith, census reveals for first time".
  11. ↑ "Profile". india.gov.in.
  12. ↑ "India" IMF Population estimates.
  13. ↑ "Population Enumeration Data (Final Population)". Census of India. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  14. ↑ "A - 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015 - Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund (IMF). Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  16. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  17. ↑ "Human Development Report 2015 Summary" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  18. ↑ Census of India. Provisional Population Totals: India: Census 2011
  19. ↑ "India" (PDF). HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  20. ↑ Basu, Moni. "The world's largest democratic event: India begins voting". CNN. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Country profile: India". British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
  22. ↑ Kumar, V. Sanil; K. C. Pathak, P. Pednekar, N. S. N. Raju (2006). "Coastal processes along the Indian coastline" (PDF). Current Science 91 (4): 530–536. http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf. 
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  24. ↑ "India clocks 7.5% growth in January-March quarter, becomes world's fastest growing economy". DNA India. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  25. ↑ Singh, Gyanant (16 January 2013). "Rising economic wealth and literacy behind increase of court cases, claims report". India Today. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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  27. ↑ "India's large population helps push it to 7th position in wealthiest nations list". The Economic Times. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "Which countries have the most languages?". Ethnologue.
  29. ↑ "Taj Mahal". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 September 2007. The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.
  30. ↑ "Dravidian language family is 4,500 years old: study". The Hindu. PTI. 2018-03-21. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2019-04-25.CS1 maint: others (link)
  31. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  32. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  33. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  34. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  35. ↑ Template:Cite book
  36. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  37. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Template:Cite book
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Template:Cite book
  41. ↑ IISS 2010, pp. 358
  42. ↑ India's army seeks military space program SFGate.
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  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  45. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  48. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  49. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  50. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  52. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  53. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  54. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. FIELD LISTING: POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE
  55. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  56. ↑ Template:Cite book
  57. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  58. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  59. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  60. ↑ Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi–The Official Language of India, Language in India, Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940.
  61. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  62. ↑ Prabodh Bechardas Pandit, "Language in a Plural Society", Dev Raj Chanana Memorial Committee, 1977.
  63. ↑ Robert McHenry, "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993.
  64. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  65. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  66. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  67. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
  68. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
  69. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  70. ↑ Adams, C. J., Classification of religions: Geographical, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. Accessed: 5 September 2007
  71. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  72. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  73. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  74. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  75. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  76. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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